Two states
A Palestinian state alongside Israel, roughly on the 1967 lines with agreed land swaps.
What happens to Israeli Jews
Stay citizens of Israel within agreed borders; some settlers relocate or become residents of Palestine.
What happens to Palestinians
Citizens of their own state; Arab citizens of Israel remain Israeli; most refugees settle in Palestine or receive compensation.
What it requires
- Borders based on the 1967 lines, with swaps for large settlement blocs
- Evacuating or transferring settlements outside the blocs (tens of thousands of settlers)
- Security arrangements Israel trusts after Gaza 2005 and October 7
- An agreed answer for refugees: symbolic return, compensation, return to the Palestinian state
- A Jerusalem arrangement both sides can live with
- Mutual recognition — of states and of peoples
Who supports it
Palestinian-Israeli Pulse joint poll (PCPSR / Tel Aviv University), September 2024 — lowest Israeli Jewish support since polling began.
What history says
- Czechoslovakia 1993 — a peaceful split
- India/Pakistan 1947 — partition with mass violence
- Taba 2001 and Olmert–Abbas 2008 — detailed models that came close
The hard questions
- What guarantees security after Israel's 2005 Gaza withdrawal was followed by Hamas rule and rockets?
- Who evacuates settlers who refuse — and who stops militias on either side?
- Can a Palestinian leadership that doesn't recognise Jewish peoplehood sign an end of claims?
Arguments that point here
“The Palestinians never miss an opportunity to miss an opportunity.”◆ "What about you?"◆ "They all…"“UNRWA keeps millions of Palestinians as refugees forever — a problem kept alive on purpose.”◆ Negotiation as a weapon◆ "What about you?"“Israel does X. / Palestine is occupied.”“The Palestinians recognised Israel long ago. / We want peaceful coexistence.”“They're only negotiating to buy time. / The ceasefire is a trick.”